The Dangers of Smoke Inhalation in a Fire

Each year fire outbreaks result in numerous injuries and deaths across the United Kingdom. Fire and rescue services attended more than 180k fire incidents in England during the year ending September 2022 which resulted in 276 fire-related fatalities.

Many people believe burns to be the leading cause of death in fire victims. Statistics, however, indicate that smoke inhalation causes between 50% and 80% of fire-related deaths. Burns primarily affect specific parts of a person’s body, whereas smoke inhalation affects all organs.

Fire smoke is hot and highly toxic, consisting of gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide, and the toxicity increases the longer a fire rages. Respiratory distress, loss of consciousness, asphyxiation and organ failure are some of the effects of smoke inhalation. Experts estimate that approximately 73% of fire survivors suffer long-term and lasting effects caused by smoke. The non-fatal, chronic consequences of smoke inhalation include numerous respiratory ailments such as emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma.

In the event of a fire, smoke inhalation is a critical danger that can lead to severe health consequences. Being aware of the risks associated with smoke inhalation is essential for personal safety and the well-being of others. This article delves into the nature of smoke inhalation, its causes, symptoms, and effective prevention strategies.

Causes of Smoke Inhalation

Understanding the causes of smoke inhalation is key to taking preventive measures and minimising risks. Here are three primary factors contributing to smoke inhalation during a fire:

• Common sources of smoke: Burning materials such as wood, paper, plastics, and fabrics release toxic gases and particles, forming smoke that poses serious health risks.
• Chemical components of smoke: Smoke is a complex mixture of gases, particles, and chemicals, including carbon monoxide (CO), which can displace oxygen in the bloodstream and cause suffocation. Other harmful substances include hydrogen cyanide (HCN), formaldehyde, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
• How smoke spreads: During a fire, smoke spreads rapidly due to convection. As the fire burns, hot air and smoke rise, creating thermal buoyancy that causes smoke to ascend and fill rooms and corridors. Smoke can travel through cracks, vents, and open spaces, reaching distant areas from the fire's origin.

By understanding these causes, proactive steps can be taken to protect against smoke inhalation. Implementing effective smoke ventilation systems, such as those offered by Woods Air Movement, can help prevent smoke buildup and ensure safe escape routes during emergencies.

Symptoms of Smoke Inhalation

Smoke inhalation can lead to severe health complications, both immediately and over the long term. Recognising the symptoms is crucial for taking appropriate action and seeking medical help.
Long-term health effects of smoke inhalation can be debilitating. Prolonged exposure to smoke may cause chronic respiratory issues like asthma, bronchitis, and even lung cancer. The toxic substances in smoke can damage the delicate tissues of the respiratory system, leading to lasting harm.

Symptoms of smoke inhalation vary based on exposure levels. In mild cases, individuals may experience coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, often accompanied by a sore throat, nasal congestion, and irritated eyes. Severe cases may present symptoms such as confusion, dizziness, and difficulty breathing, indicating a potentially life-threatening condition.

Prevention of Smoke Inhalation

Effective fire safety measures are critical in minimising the dangers of smoke inhalation. Implementing the right strategies can significantly reduce the risk in the event of a fire.

One of the most crucial fire safety measures is the installation and maintenance of smoke detectors and alarms. These devices detect the presence of smoke and alert occupants, allowing them to evacuate quickly and safely. Regular testing and battery replacement are essential to ensure they function correctly when needed.

Another vital aspect of preventing smoke inhalation is the use of air movement systems. Systems provided by Woods Air Movement help circulate air within a building, promoting better ventilation and removing smoke from affected areas. Effective air management - extraction or pressurisation - can prevent smoke buildup and provide occupants more time to escape.

Woods Air Movement offers a range of air movement solutions designed to enhance fire safety in various settings including public buildings, car parks, tunnels, factories and power plants. Our products improve air quality, reduce the risk of smoke inhalation, and create a safer environment during fire emergencies. Incorporating our systems into your building's fire safety plan can better protect against the dangers of smoke inhalation.

If you like to know more, take a look at our Fire Safety Solutions Brochure or get in touch to discuss your next project.